TitleStainless steel leaches nickel and chromium into foods during cooking.
Publication TypeJournal Article
Year of Publication2013
AuthorsKamerud, KL, Hobbie, KA, Anderson, KA
JournalJ Agric Food Chem
Volume61
Issue39
Pagination9495-501
Date Published2013 Oct 02
ISSN1520-5118
KeywordsChromium, Consumer Product Safety, Cooking, Cooking and Eating Utensils, Food Contamination, Food, Preserved, Fruit, Lycopersicon esculentum, Nickel, solubility, Stainless Steel
Abstract

Toxicological studies show that oral doses of nickel and chromium can cause cutaneous adverse reactions such as dermatitis. Additional dietary sources, such as leaching from stainless steel cookware during food preparation, are not well characterized. This study examined stainless steel grades, cooking time, repetitive cooking cycles, and multiple types of tomato sauces for their effects on nickel and chromium leaching. Trials included three types of stainless steels and a stainless steel saucepan, cooking times of 2-20 h, 10 consecutive cooking cycles, and four commercial tomato sauces. After a simulated cooking process, samples were analyzed by ICP-MS for Ni and Cr. After 6 h of cooking, Ni and Cr concentrations in tomato sauce increased up to 26- and 7-fold, respectively, depending on the grade of stainless steel. Longer cooking durations resulted in additional increases in metal leaching, where Ni concentrations increased 34-fold and Cr increased approximately 35-fold from sauces cooked without stainless steel. Cooking with new stainless steel resulted in the largest increases. Metal leaching decreases with sequential cooking cycles and stabilized after the sixth cooking cycle, although significant metal contributions to foods were still observed. The tenth cooking cycle resulted in an average of 88 μg of Ni and 86 μg of Cr leached per 126 g serving of tomato sauce. Stainless steel cookware can be an overlooked source of nickel and chromium, where the contribution is dependent on stainless steel grade, cooking time, and cookware usage.

DOI10.1021/jf402400v
Alternate JournalJ. Agric. Food Chem.
PubMed ID23984718
PubMed Central IDPMC4284091
Grant ListP30 ES000210 / ES / NIEHS NIH HHS / United States
P42 ES016465 / ES / NIEHS NIH HHS / United States